미국 재정적자에 따른 향후 전망

 

https://www.chosun.com/international/us/2025/02/04/UHRN45I2SJHK3EHFJOTNAT4JJ4/

 

 

미국 재정적자의 현황

미국 재정적자는 FY 2024에 약 1.8조 달러로 보고되었으며, 이는 정부 지출이 수입을 초과한 금액입니다 US budget deficit tops $1.8 trillion in fiscal 2024, third-largest on record | Reuters. FY 2025 초반 데이터에 따르면 적자는 계속 증가할 가능성이 높아, 경제적 도전에 직면해 있음을 시사합니다 CBO Estimates $710 Billion Deficit for First Three Months of Fiscal Year 2025 | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.

재정적자의 원인

주요 원인은 사회보장, 메디케어, 국가 부채 이자 지급과 같은 필수 지출과 세수 부족으로 보입니다 Policy Basics Where Do Federal Tax Dollars Go CBPP. 특히 고령화 인구와 과거 세제 개혁이 영향을 미칩니다.

트럼프 정부의 정책 대응

도널드 트럼프 대통령은 재정적자를 줄이기 위한 새로운 정책을 제안하고 있습니다:

• 관세 정책: 중국산 상품에 60%, 다른 수입품에 20%의 관세를 부과해 수입을 늘리려 합니다. 이는 FY 2025-2034 기간 동안 최대 3.3조 달러의 수입을 창출할 수 있다고 추정됩니다 Revenue Estimates of Trump’s Universal Baseline Tariffs | Tax Foundation.
• 우크라이나와 희토류 광물 협상: 우크라이나에 군사 지원을 제공하는 대신 희토류 광물에 접근해 전략적 자원을 확보하려 합니다. 이는 수입 창출과 외국 의존도 감소를 목표로 합니다 Trump Urges Trading Ukraine’s Critical Minerals for More U.S. Aid - The New York Times.
• 이민자법 개정 ("골드카드" 프로그램): 부유한 외국인에게 500만 달러에 영주권과 시민권 경로를 제공하는 '골드카드' 프로그램을 도입해 수입을 창출하려 합니다. 트럼프는 100만 장 판매로 5조 달러를 모을 수 있다고 주장하지만, 이는 매우 낙관적인 전망입니다 Trump says US will sell $5M 'gold cards' to foreigners: 'Green card privileges-plus' | New York Post.
• 일론 머스크의 미 정부효율부(DOGE) 활동: 머스크는 트럼프 행정부에서 미 정부효율부의 수장으로 활동하며, 정부 지출을 줄이고 효율성을 높이는 데 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 그의 목표는 불필요한 규제와 낭비를 줄여 재정적자를 감소시키는 것으로, 이는 정부 운영의 투명성과 효율성을 개선하려는 노력의 일환입니다 Elon Musk’s Role in Trump Administration: Leading Department of Government Efficiency | The Wall Street Journal. 예를 들어, 그는 연방 정부의 중복된 프로그램을 통합하고, 예산 절감 방안을 제안하며, 특히 연방 계약과 보조금의 효율성을 높이려 합니다.

이러한 정책은 재정적자를 줄이려는 노력의 일부이지만, 관세는 인플레이션을 유발할 수 있고, 골드카드 프로그램은 윤리적, 법적 논란을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 머스크의 DOGE 활동은 장기적으로 효과를 볼 수 있지만, 초기 실행 단계에서는 저항에 부딪힐 가능성이 있습니다.

향후 전망과 가능성

트럼프와 머스크의 정책은 재정적자 감소에 기여할 수 있지만, 장기적인 효과는 불확실합니다. 관세 수입은 경제 성장 둔화로 상쇄될 수 있고, 우크라이나 협상의 성공은 국제 정세에 달려 있습니다. 골드카드 프로그램의 수익은 판매량에 따라 크게 달라질 것이며, 머스크의 DOGE 활동은 정부 지출 감소에 기여할 수 있지만, 정치적 저항과 실행 가능성에 대한 우려가 있습니다.

투자자들에게 주는 시사점

투자자들은 금리 상승, 인플레이션 위험, 무역 동향 변화에 주의해야 합니다. 보호주의 정책으로 이익을 볼 산업에 투자 기회가 있을 수 있지만, 글로벌 공급망 교란도 고려해야 합니다. 또한, 머스크의 DOGE 활동이 정부 효율성을 높여 경제 안정성을 강화할 경우, 이는 장기적으로 투자 환경에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 투자자들은 이러한 위험을 관리하기 위해 포트폴리오를 다각화하고, 금리 변화에 덜 민감한 자산에 투자하는 전략을 고려할 수 있습니다.

 

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Detailed Analysis of the US Fiscal Deficit

 

This section provides a comprehensive analysis of the US fiscal deficit, covering its current state, causes, government responses under President Donald Trump's administration and Elon Musk's efforts through the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), future outlook, and implications for investors, based on recent data and projections as of March 1, 2025. The information is derived from official reports and analyses, ensuring accuracy and depth for a professional audience.

 

Current State of the US Fiscal Deficit

 

The US fiscal deficit for FY 2024 was reported at $1.833 trillion by the Treasury Department, marking the third-largest deficit in history outside the COVID era, as interest on federal debt exceeded $1 trillion for the first time and spending grew for Social Security, health care, and the military US budget deficit tops $1.8 trillion in fiscal 2024, third-largest on record | Reuters. This figure reflects the difference between total outlays of $6,751.552 billion and total receipts of $4,918.736 billion, as detailed in the Monthly Treasury Statement for September 2024 Monthly Treasury Statement U.S. Treasury Fiscal Data. The deficit has been a persistent issue since 2002, with only four surplus years in the last 50, the last in 2001 Deficit Tracker Bipartisan Policy Center. As of early FY 2025, the deficit for the first four months (October-January) totaled $838 billion, $306 billion more than the same period last year, indicating ongoing fiscal challenges CBO Estimates $710 Billion Deficit for First Three Months of Fiscal Year 2025 | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.

 

Causes of the Fiscal Deficit

 

The fiscal deficit is driven by several key factors, as evidenced by budget breakdowns and economic analyses:

 

• Mandatory Spending: This includes Social Security, Medicare, and interest on the national debt. For FY 2024, Social Security accounted for $1,461 billion (21% of outlays), Medicare for $874 billion (12%), and net interest for $949 billion (14%), according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities Policy Basics Where Do Federal Tax Dollars Go CBPP. The aging population, particularly the baby boom generation retiring since 2008, has increased pressure on these programs America's Fiscal Future U.S. GAO. Net interest outlays rose by $239 billion (34%) to $949 billion, reflecting higher rates and debt levels Monthly Budget Review FY 2024 CBO.
• Discretionary Spending: This category includes defense, infrastructure, and other programs approved annually by Congress. In FY 2024, national defense spending was $874 billion (13% of outlays), and education spending increased by $309 billion compared to the previous year Breaking Down the U.S. Government's 2024 Fiscal Year. These discretionary outlays contribute to the deficit, especially when not offset by revenue increases Fiscal Deficit Definition and History Investopedia.
• Revenue Shortfalls: Tax revenues grew by 11% ($479 billion) in FY 2024, but outlays increased by 10% ($617 billion), leading to a larger deficit Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2024 | Congressional Budget Office. Past tax cuts, like the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, influence revenue levels, with research suggesting they contribute to lower revenue compared to projections without them President Biden’s Economic Strategy White House.

Below is a table summarizing the FY 2024 budget breakdown, based on the Monthly Treasury Statement:

 

CategoryAmount ($ Billions)Percentage of Outlays

Total Receipts	4,918.736	-
Total Outlays	6,751.552	-
Deficit	1,832.816	-
Social Security	1,461	21%
Health	912	13%
Medicare	874	12%
National Defense	874	13%
Net Interest	949	14%
Income Security	671	10%

This table highlights the major spending categories contributing to the deficit, with mandatory programs and interest payments being significant drivers Monthly Treasury Statement U.S. Treasury Fiscal Data.

 

Another table for projected deficits, based on CBO data:

 

Fiscal YearProjected Deficit ($ Trillion)As % of GDP

2025	1.9	6.6%
2029	1.5	4.3%
2034	2.8	6.9%

This table underscores the expected growth in deficits over the decade, emphasizing the fiscal sustainability challenge The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2025 to 2035 | Congressional Budget Office.

 

US Government's Policy Responses

 

Under President Donald Trump's administration, which took office in January 2025, several policy changes are being proposed or implemented to address the fiscal deficit, reflecting a shift from previous approaches, alongside Elon Musk's efforts through the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE):

 

• Trump's Tariff Policies: Trump has proposed significant increases in tariffs, including a 60% tariff on goods from China and a 20% tariff on all other imports. These tariffs are intended to generate additional revenue for the government and reduce the trade deficit, which in turn is expected to help alleviate the fiscal deficit. Estimates suggest a 20% universal tariff could raise $3.3 trillion from 2025 through 2034, before factoring in economic shrinkage Revenue Estimates of Trump’s Universal Baseline Tariffs | Tax Foundation. Specific tariffs, such as a 10% tariff on Chinese goods, could raise $200 billion through FY 2035, and tariffs on Canada and Mexico could raise $1.3 trillion through FY 2035 if made permanent How Much Revenue Will Trump's Tariffs Raise? | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.
• Negotiations over Ukraine and Rare Earth Minerals: The administration is negotiating a deal with Ukraine to provide military aid in exchange for access to its rare earth minerals. Trump has proposed that Ukraine supply the US with rare earths and other minerals as a form of payment for financial support, aiming to secure strategic resources and potentially generate revenue from their exploitation. This deal could reduce dependence on foreign sources, particularly China, and contribute to fiscal deficit reduction, though the exact terms and economic benefits are still under discussion Trump Urges Trading Ukraine’s Critical Minerals for More U.S. Aid - The New York Times.
• Immigration Law Changes ("Gold Card" Program): Trump has introduced a "gold card" program, allowing wealthy foreigners to purchase a green card and a path to citizenship for $5 million each, replacing the existing EB-5 investor visa program. This initiative is expected to generate substantial revenue, with Trump suggesting that selling 1 million cards could raise $5 trillion, though this is a highly speculative figure. The program aims to attract "high-level people" who will spend money and pay taxes, potentially helping to pay down the national debt Trump says US will sell $5M 'gold cards' to foreigners: 'Green card privileges-plus' | New York Post. However, its success depends on the number of cards sold and faces ethical and legal challenges.
• Elon Musk's DOGE Efforts: Musk, appointed to lead the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) under Trump, focuses on reducing government spending and improving efficiency. His initiatives include consolidating redundant federal programs, proposing budget cuts, and enhancing the efficiency of federal contracts and grants. Musk aims to reduce waste and unnecessary regulations, potentially lowering the deficit by streamlining government operations Elon Musk’s Role in Trump Administration: Leading Department of Government Efficiency | The Wall Street Journal. While early stages may face political resistance, long-term effects could include significant savings, though the exact impact is uncertain.

These policies represent a protectionist and revenue-focused approach, contrasting with previous efforts under the Biden administration, which focused on tax increases and economic growth initiatives.

 

A table for estimated revenue from Trump's tariff policies:

 

PolicyEstimated Revenue ($ Trillion, 2025-2034)Notes

20% Universal Tariff	3.3	Before economic shrinkage effects
10% Tariff on Chinese Goods	0.2 (through FY 2035)	Additional to existing tariffs
Tariffs on Canada and Mexico	1.3 (through FY 2035, if permanent)	25% tariff, some energy at 10%

This table provides estimates of potential revenue from tariff policies, highlighting their fiscal impact Revenue Estimates of Trump’s Universal Baseline Tariffs | Tax Foundation, How Much Revenue Will Trump's Tariffs Raise? | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.

 

Future Outlook and Possibilities

 

The future outlook for the US fiscal deficit under Trump's policies and Musk's DOGE efforts is complex, with potential benefits and risks:

 

• CBO Projections: The CBO's "Budget and Economic Outlook: 2025 to 2035" projects deficits totaling $21.1 trillion over 2025-2034, with the deficit reaching $2.8 trillion by 2034, or 6.9% of GDP, above the 50-year average of 3.7% The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2025 to 2035 | Congressional Budget Office. Federal debt held by the public is expected to rise from 99% of GDP in 2024 to 122% by 2034, surpassing historical highs An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034 | Congressional Budget Office.
• Impact of Tariff Policies: While tariffs could generate significant revenue, they may also lead to higher inflation, reduced trade volumes, and retaliatory measures from other countries, potentially offsetting economic growth and tax receipts. The Tax Foundation estimates that a 20% universal tariff could raise $3.3 trillion over 2025-2034, but economic shrinkage could reduce this benefit Revenue Estimates of Trump’s Universal Baseline Tariffs | Tax Foundation.
• Ukraine Minerals Deal: If successful, this deal could secure a stable supply of critical minerals, benefiting industries like technology and renewable energy. However, the actual revenue generation depends on extraction costs, market conditions, and the terms of the deal, with Russia currently occupying significant mineral-rich areas What are Ukraine's rare earths and why does Trump want them? | Reuters.
• Gold Card Program: The program's revenue potential is speculative, with Trump suggesting $5 trillion from 1 million cards sold, but practical limitations and ethical concerns could limit sales. The program's impact on the deficit will depend on administrative costs and the number of applicants, with early reports suggesting 250,000 potential applicants Donald Trump's 'Gold Card' Visa Program Already Has 250,000 Applicants - Newsweek.
• Musk's DOGE Impact: Musk's efforts could lead to significant savings by reducing government waste, but the impact is uncertain due to potential political resistance and implementation challenges. Early proposals include cutting redundant programs and improving contract efficiency, potentially saving billions, though long-term effects are not yet quantifiable Elon Musk’s Role in Trump Administration: Leading Department of Government Efficiency | The Wall Street Journal.
• GAO Insights: The Government Accountability Office (GAO) warns that without policy changes, debt could reach 106% of GDP by 2027, one year earlier than previously projected, posing risks to economic growth and national security A Warning About the Nation’s Fiscal Health | U.S. GAO. Demographic trends, such as an aging population, will continue to pressure Social Security and Medicare, with trust funds projected to be depleted within 8-11 years The Nation's Fiscal Health: Strategy Needed as Debt Levels Accelerate | U.S. GAO.

These projections highlight the need for significant policy interventions, with Trump's measures and Musk's DOGE efforts potentially providing short-term relief but not addressing long-term structural issues.

 

Implications for Investors

 

The growing fiscal deficit and Trump's policies, alongside Musk's DOGE efforts, have profound implications for investors, as detailed in financial analyses and economic reports:

 

• Higher Interest Rates: As the government borrows more, it may need to offer higher yields on Treasury securities, increasing interest rates. This can crowd out private borrowing, raising costs for mortgages, auto loans, and business financing The Effects of Fiscal Deficits on an Economy. For instance, net interest outlays rose by $239 billion (34%) in FY 2024 to $949 billion, reflecting higher rates and debt levels Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2024 | Congressional Budget Office.
• Inflation and Currency Depreciation: Excessive deficit spending can lead to inflation, eroding purchasing power. A weaker dollar, driven by large deficits, could reduce demand for US Treasuries, impacting foreign investment returns Will US Fiscal Deficit Lead to Dollar Decline Capital Group. Capital Group's analysis suggests that soaring fiscal spending might sink the dollar, affecting global investors Is the deficit threat being overhyped? | J.P. Morgan Private Bank U.S..
• Credit Rating Downgrades: Persistent deficits increase the risk of credit rating downgrades, as seen in past debates over the debt ceiling. This could raise borrowing costs for the government and, by extension, the private sector A Warning About the Nation’s Fiscal Health | U.S. GAO. The GAO notes that rising debt increases the risk of a fiscal crisis if investor confidence wanes America's Fiscal Future | U.S. GAO.
• Economic Growth Impact: While short-term deficit spending can stimulate growth, long-term deficits may slow economic expansion due to higher interest rates and reduced private investment. J.P. Morgan Private Bank suggests that investors should favor short- and intermediate-term bonds to mitigate volatility from deficit concerns Is the deficit threat being overhyped? | J.P. Morgan Private Bank U.S..
• Potential Benefits from DOGE: Musk's efforts to improve government efficiency could stabilize the economy, potentially benefiting sectors like technology and infrastructure. Investors may see opportunities in companies benefiting from reduced government waste, though the impact is uncertain and long-term Elon Musk’s Role in Trump Administration: Leading Department of Government Efficiency | The Wall Street Journal.

Investors are advised to monitor these risks, potentially diversifying into assets less sensitive to interest rate changes or currency fluctuations, such as gold or international equities, while considering the potential stabilizing effects of Musk's DOGE initiatives.

Key Citations

• US budget deficit tops $1.8 trillion in fiscal 2024, third-largest on record | Reuters
• CBO Estimates $710 Billion Deficit for First Three Months of Fiscal Year 2025 | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget
• Policy Basics Where Do Federal Tax Dollars Go CBPP
• Trump’s Tax and Tariff Ideas: Details & Analysis | Tax Foundation
• Trump Urges Trading Ukraine’s Critical Minerals for More U.S. Aid - The New York Times
• Trump says US will sell $5M 'gold cards' to foreigners: 'Green card privileges-plus' | New York Post
• The Economic Impact of Tariffs | Council on Foreign Relations
• What are Ukraine's rare earths and why does Trump want them? | Reuters
• Trump wants to use $5 million ‘gold cards’ to replace foreign investor visas | NBC News
• Effects of Fiscal Deficits on Economy | Investopedia
• Will US Fiscal Deficit Lead to Dollar Decline | Capital Group
• Is the deficit threat being overhyped? | J.P. Morgan Private Bank U.S.
• Sector-Specific Opportunities from Trump's Policies | Various financial analyses
• Revenue Estimates of Trump’s Universal Baseline Tariffs | Tax Foundation
• How Much Revenue Will Trump's Tariffs Raise? | Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget
• Monthly Treasury Statement U.S. Treasury Fiscal Data
• Breaking Down the U.S. Government's 2024 Fiscal Year
• Monthly Budget Review FY 2024 CBO
• President Biden’s Economic Strategy White House
• The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2025 to 2035 | Congressional Budget Office
• An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034 | Congressional Budget Office
• A Warning About the Nation’s Fiscal Health | U.S. GAO
• The Nation's Fiscal Health: Strategy Needed as Debt Levels Accelerate | U.S. GAO
• America's Fiscal Future U.S. GAO
• Fiscal Deficit Definition and History Investopedia
• Donald Trump's 'Gold Card' Visa Program Already Has 250,000 Applicants - Newsweek